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economic integration
Economic integration is the unification of economic policies between different states through the partial or full abolition of tariff and non-tariff restrictions on trade taking place among them prior to their integration. This is meant in turn to lead to lower prices for distributors and consumers with the goal of increasing the level of welfare, while leading to and increase of economic productivity of the states.
The trade stimulation effects intended by means of economic integration are part of the contemporary economic Theory of the Second Best: where, in theory, the best option is free trade, with free competition and no trade barriers whatsoever. Free trade is treated as an idealistic option, and although realized within certain developed states, economic integration has been thought of as the "second best" option for global trade where barriers to full free trade exist.
==Etymology==
In economics the word ''integration'' was first employed in industrial organisation to refer to combinations of business firms through economic agreements, cartels, concerns, trusts, and mergers—horizontal integration referring to combinations of competitors, vertical integration to combinations of suppliers with customers. In the current sense of combining separate economies into larger economic regions, the use of the word ''integration'' can be traced to the 1930s and 1940s.〔.〕 Fritz Machlup credits Eli Heckscher, Herbert Gaedicke and Gert von Eyern as the first users of the term ''economic integration'' in its current sense. According to Machlup, such usage first appears in the 1935 English translation of Hecksher's 1931 book ''Merkantilismen'' (''Mercantilism'' in English), and independently in Gaedicke's and von Eyern's 1933 two-volume study ''Die produktionswirtschaftliche Integration Europas: Eine Untersuchung über die Aussenhandelsverflechtung der europäischen Länder''.〔.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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